Fig. 2

Suppressor genes are important for maintaining health and cellular fitness. A Probability of loss-of-function intolerance for query genes, suppressor genes, and all other genes, based on the frequency of deleterious variants affecting the genes in the human population [25]. B Median effect of gene knockout on cell proliferation determined as the change in abundance of guide RNAs targeting a gene in pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screens across 1,070 cell lines [26, 27], for the same gene groups as in (A). C Number of species in which an ortholog of the query or suppressor gene is present. D The number of diseases that are associated with a gene in DisGeNET [29], for the same gene groups as in (A). E The fraction of query and suppressor genes that have loss-of-function, gain-of-function, or unknown modes of action. Statistical significance compared to the “Other” group was determined using Mann–Whitney U tests. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.0005. Horizontal lines in violin plots: median