Fig. 4

Comparative analysis of pediatric and adult mixed phenotype acute leukemia single-cell landscape. A Split UMAP plots of B/My MPAL and T/My MPAL colored based on the respective patient samples. The adult MPAL samples are represented in shades of blue and green, while the pediatric are depicted in shades of red and pink. B Comparative visualization of malignant blasts and normal microenvironment cell types in the adult, pediatric, and healthy samples. C Heatmap of top genes overexpressed in adult vs. pediatric MPAL blast cells. Genes were identified by performing differential expression analysis selecting genes with average log2FC > 0.25 and adjusted p-value < 0.05. The top genes for the heatmap were selected based on average log2FC. Relative gene expression is shown in pseudo color, where purple represents downregulation, and yellow represents upregulation. D Density plot showing the distribution of stemness index of different adult and pediatric MPAL subtypes and normal cells. Density plot showing stemness index distribution of the different cell types found in T/My MPAL samples. The stemness index was calculated as the first principal component value of each cell after performing principal component analysis with the expression of the genes in a stem cell gene set as the features (Additional file 1: Table S3). E Selected gene sets with significantly higher enrichment (p-value < 0.001) in adult T/My MPAL blast cells. F Gene sets with higher enrichment (p-value < 0.001) in pediatric versus adult T/My MPAL blast cells. The enrichment score was calculated using a single-sample gene set enrichment approach using Hallmark/Biocarta gene sets from the MSigDb H and C2 collections and the significance of differential enrichment was determined using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test