Fig. 5

Comparison of the single-cell landscape of diagnosis MPAL samples based on induction outcomes. A UMAP plot of B/My (n = 17,258 cells) and T/My (n = 11,031 cells) MPAL patient cells colored by patient IDs, with the end of induction outcome (MRD + , MRD − , induction failure) information shown in the legend. B UMAP plots of B/My and T/My MPAL patient cells colored based on cell type including malignant blast (Blast cells from MRD + , MRD − , and induction failure patients) and normal cells (B-cells, T-cells, NK cells, Progenitor cells, monocytes, erythroblasts). C Heatmap showing top overexpressed genes in B/My MPAL and T/My MPAL blast cells from patients with different induction outcomes (induction failure, MRD + , and MRD −). The markers for the end of induction outcome group blasts were identified by comparing the target group’s blast cells with the other groups’ blast cells and filtered based on fold change, multiple test corrected p-value, and % expression (average log2FC > 0.25, adjusted p value < 0.05, pct. > 0.7). D Violin plots showing gene set enrichment values for different Biocarta and Reactome gene sets in B/My MPAL induction outcome blast groups calculated using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis. The significance between groups was calculated with Wilcoxon rank tests, with p-value < 0.001 represented with “***”. E Violin plots showing gene set with significantly different enrichments in T/My MPAL induction outcome groups. The significance between groups was calculated using Wilcoxon rank tests, with p-value < 0.001 represented with “***.” F Density plot showing stemness index distribution of the different cell types found in T/My MPAL samples. The stemness index was calculated as the first principal component value of each cell after performing principal component analysis with the expression of the genes in a stem cell gene set as the features (Additional file 1: Table S3). Populations of interest are shown in bolder lines and labeled