Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Total N | Non-T2D individuals (N = 2790) | Individuals with T2D (N = 2276) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Covariates | |||
Age (years) | 5066 | 45.6 ± 15.4 | 56.2 ± 11.1 |
Sex (female) | 5066 | 1674 (60.0%) | 1401 (61.6%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 5066 | 26.4 ± 6.0 | 27.7 ± 5.5 |
Site | 5066 | ||
Ghana | 769 (27.6%) | 592 (26.0%) | |
Nigeria | 1656 (59.4%) | 1274 (56.0%) | |
Kenya | 365 (13.1%) | 410 (18.0%) | |
Cytokines and hormones | |||
Adipsin (ng/ml) | 4854 | 1067.2 (837.2–1584.6) | 1207.6 (887.0–1967.4) |
Leptin (ng/ml) | 4914 | 3.5 (0.67–10.8) | 4.3 (1.5–10.4) |
Visfatin (ng/ml) | 4853 | 2.3 (1.4–4.0) | 2.7 (1.6–4.4) |
PAI-1 (ng/ml) | 4914 | 31.2 (22.6–44.8) | 33.6 (23.9–49.9) |
GIP (pg/ml) | 4956 | 183.3 (123.4–285.0) | 252.9 (163.1–425.8) |
GLP-1 (pg/ml) | 4913 | 221.4 (177.0–282.6) | 236.8 (183.0–317.7) |
Ghrelin (pg/ml) | 4923 | 248.6 (143.1–508.0) | 311.2 (159.6–630.8) |
Resistin (ng/ml) | 4894 | 5.0 (3.3–7.7) | 5.0 (3.3–8.1) |
IL-6 (pg/ml) | 1330 | 1.06 (0.73–1.67) | 10.5 (0.69–1.70) |
IL-10 (pg/ml) | 1095 | 10.1 (8.3–12.7) | 8.0 (7.0–11.0) |
IL-1RA (pg/ml) | 1416 | 301.1 (219.5–428.3) | 351.4 (254.9–519.3) |
Diabetes-related phenotypes | |||
HOMA-S | 2552 | 136.6 (78.3–248.9) | NA |
HOMA-B | 2552 | 90.2 (60.9–130.9) | NA |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4994 | 4.7 (4.1–5.1) | 8.2 (5.9–12.4) |