Table 4 Univariable MR causal associations of cytokines and hormones on T2D

Cytokine/hormone

IVW Fixed effects

IVW Random effects

Heterogeneity statistics

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

IVW Cochran’s Q (P-value)

IVW I²

Adipsin

1.74 (1.44, 2.11)

8.46 × 10⁻⁹

1.74 (0.93, 3.26)

0.081

21.81 (< 0.001)

90.8

Leptin

1.20 (0.73, 1.97)

0.470

1.20 (0.73, 1.97)

0.470

0.95 (0.330)

0.0

Visfatin

1.33 (0.87, 2.03)

0.181

1.33 (0.87, 2.03)

0.181

0.92 (0.338)

0.0

PAI-1

0.77 (0.53, 1.13)

0.185

0.77 (0.53, 1.13)

0.185

0.62 (0.735)

0.0

GIP

1.24 (0.96, 1.60)

0.104

1.24 (0.96, 1.60)

0.104

2.54 (0.864)

0.0

GLP-1

0.83 (0.54, 1.27)

0.391

0.83 (0.52, 1.34)

0.444

2.51 (0.285)

20.3

Ghrelin

1.09 (0.77, 1.56)

0.624

1.09 (0.65, 1.84)

0.738

2.15 (0.143)

53.5

Resistin

1.02 (0.89, 1.16)

0.821

1.02 (0.89, 1.16)

0.823

6.13 (0.409)

2.1

IL-6

1.19 (0.86, 1.65)

0.288

1.19 (0.86, 1.65)

0.288

NA

NA

IL-10

1.01 (0.82, 1.25)

0.903

1.01 (0.75, 1.37)

0.931

1.98 (0.159)

49.5

IL-1RA

1.00 (0.81, 1.25)

0.965

1.00 (0.63, 1.61)

0.984

9.18 (0.010)

78.2

Median

MR-Egger

Heterogeneity statistics

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

MR-Egger Intercept (P-value)

MR-Egger I²

Adipsin

1.74 (1.40, 2.17)

6.81 × 10⁻⁷

3.44 (0.81, 14.53)

0.093

 − 0.225 (0.306)

97.0

Leptin

NA

NA

Visfatin

NA

NA

PAI-1

0.76 (0.48, 1.20)

0.237

0.41 (0.08, 2.06)

0.281

0.193 (0.433)

0.0

GIP

1.37 (0.98, 1.90)

0.062

1.41 (0.92, 2.14)

0.111

 − 0.040 (0.446)

0.0

GLP-1

1.04 (0.59, 1.81)

0.894

0.30 (0.07, 1.29)

0.107

0.226 (0.155)

0.0

Ghrelin

NA

NA

Resistin

1.03 (0.88, 1.20)

0.709

1.27 (0.93, 1.73)

0.131

 − 0.108 (0.118)

95.2

IL-6

NA

NA

IL-10

NA

NA

IL-1RA

1.08 (0.79, 1.49)

0.621

2.52 (1.24, 5.12)

0.010

 − 0.384 (0.007)

0.0