Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal role for circulating GIP and IL-1RA levels in homeostatic model assessment-derived measures of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in Africans without type 2 diabetes

Table 5 Multivariable MR causal associations of cytokines and hormones on T2D

Group	Cytokine/hormone	IVW Fixed effects		IVW Random effects		MR Egger		Median
Group	Cytokine/hormone	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Adipose	Adipsin	1.83 (1.40, 2.39)	9.79 × 10⁻⁶	1.83 (1.12, 3.00)	0.017	1.67 (0.56, 4.96)	0.357	2.05 (1.27, 3.31)	0.003
	Leptin	0.56 (0.40, 0.78)	6.33 × 10⁻⁴	0.56 (0.30, 1.04)	0.065	0.52 (0.18, 1.50)	0.226	0.39 (0.19, 0.81)	0.012
	Visfatin	1.01 (0.66, 1.53)	0.968	1.01 (0.46, 2.19)	0.983	0.96 (0.35, 2.61)	0.932	1.32 (0.53, 3.26)	0.546
	PAI-1	0.94 (0.62, 1.42)	0.760	0.94 (0.43, 2.03)	0.869	0.95 (0.40, 2.25)	0.909	0.89 (0.39, 2.04)	0.776
Gut	GIP	1.37 (1.04, 1.82)	0.026	1.37 (1.04, 1.82)	0.026	1.43 (0.97, 2.10)	0.070	1.41 (0.90, 2.21)	0.139
	GLP-1	0.88 (0.50, 1.54)	0.655	0.88 (0.50, 1.54)	0.655	0.89 (0.51, 1.56)	0.684	1.05 (0.49, 2.25)	0.908
	Ghrelin	0.97 (0.66, 1.42)	0.865	0.97 (0.66, 1.43)	0.865	0.97 (0.66, 1.42)	0.860	0.83 (0.47, 1.48)	0.527
Immune	Resistin	1.03 (0.89, 1.19)	0.724	1.03 (0.84, 1.26)	0.802	1.22 (1.00, 1.49)	0.047	1.03 (0.82, 1.30)	0.776
	IL-6	1.13 (0.84, 1.51)	0.423	1.13 (0.75, 1.70)	0.569	0.97 (0.70, 1.35)	0.868	1.33 (0.89, 1.99)	0.169
	IL-10	0.99 (0.80, 1.24)	0.953	0.99 (0.73, 1.36)	0.966	0.97 (0.77, 1.23)	0.824	1.11 (0.75, 1.64)	0.612
	IL-1RA	0.98 (0.78, 1.22)	0.826	0.98 (0.71, 1.33)	0.875	1.06 (0.83, 1.35)	0.642	0.59 (0.35, 0.99)	0.046

Bold indicates significance at a Bonferroni-corrected P-value of < 0.0045 (= 0.05/11 cytokines/hormones)

ISSN: 1756-994X