Fig. 3

Identification of subpopulations with prognostic values. A Kaplan–Meier survival curves representing the overall survival of patients included in ICGC (PACA-CA) and TCGA (PAAD), stratified by the expression level of the Ep_KRT6A signature and Ep_VGLL1 signature. P-values were determined by log-rank tests. B Prognostic values of cluster-specific markers in two public cohorts. Colors indicate log-transformed P-values, and P-values were determined by log-rank tests comparing high- and low- expression groups. Dark green color indicates favorable prognosis in the high-expression group, whereas brown color indicates worse prognosis in the high-expression group compared to the low-expression group. C Results from the pathway enrichment analysis conducted on the DEGs comparing Ep_VGLL1 and Ep_KRT6A. For the DEG analysis, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for statistical testing with adjusted P-value cut-off 0.05. D Scatter plots showing the correlation between EMT scores and Ep_KRT6A or Ep_VGLL1 scores across pancreatic cancer cells. EMT scores were calculated using the EMT signature gene set and subcluster scores calculated by the expression of subcluster-specific genes. E RNA in situ hybridization images from human pancreatic cancer tissue. Green, red, and blue colors indicate KRT19, VGLL1, and KRT6B, respectively. Orange and yellow boxes highlight KRT6B and VGLL1 expressing tumor epithelial cells, respectively