Table 2 The most significantly upregulated metabolites in T2D based on fold change

Xenobiotics

Drug—Metabolic

glyburide

C07022

HMDB0015151

1.55

0.0127

0.0482

Carbohydrate

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and Pyruvate Metabolism

glucose

C00031

HMDB0000122

1.56

0.0000

0.0000

Lipid

Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Hydroxy)

(R)-3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine

HMDB0013127

1.56

0.0005

0.0057

Amino Acid

Lysine Metabolism

Fructosyl-lysine

HMDB0034879

1.59

0.0000

0.0000

Xenobiotics

Food Component/Plant

gluconate

C00257

HMDB0000625

1.60

0.0000

0.0000

Xenobiotics

Food Component/Plant

ferulic acid 4-sulfate

HMDB0029200

1.60

0.0107

0.0446

Lipid

Fatty Acid, Monohydroxy

5-hydroxyhexanoate

HMDB0000525

1.61

0.0002

0.0034

Carbohydrate

Fructose, Mannose and Galactose Metabolism

fructose

C00095

HMDB0000660

1.62

0.0000

0.0000

Amino Acid

Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine Metabolism

1-carboxyethylisoleucine

1.64

0.0000

0.0000

Amino Acid

Tyrosine Metabolism

m-tyramine sulfate

1.66

0.0286

0.0777

Cofactors and Vitamins

Hemoglobin and Porphyrin Metabolism

L-urobilin

C05793

HMDB0004159

1.81

0.0011

0.0093

Xenobiotics

Food Component/Plant

mannonate

1.88

0.0000

0.0000

Lipid

Secondary Bile Acid Metabolism

glycodeoxycholate

C05464

HMDB00631

1.90

0.0112

0.0453

Carbohydrate

Fructose, Mannose and Galactose Metabolism

mannose

C00159

HMDB0000169

1.98

0.0000

0.0000

Xenobiotics

Xanthine Metabolism

1,7-dimethylurate

C16356

HMDB0011103

2.00

0.0081

0.0379

Lipid

Primary Bile Acid Metabolism

glycocholate

C01921

HMDB0000138

2.01

0.0168

0.0563

Xenobiotics

Xanthine Metabolism

1,3,7-trimethylurate

C16361

HMDB0002123

2.02

0.0246

0.0725

Lipid

Secondary Bile Acid Metabolism

deoxycholic acid 12-sulfate

2.05

0.0003

0.0039

Lipid

Secondary Bile Acid Metabolism

taurodeoxycholate

C05463

HMDB0000896

2.54

0.0027

0.0180

Xenobiotics

Drug—Metabolic

Gliclazide

2.58

0.0026

0.0173

Xenobiotics

Chemical

1,2,3-benzenetriol sulfate (2)

HMDB0060018

2.66

0.0318

0.0817

Xenobiotics

Food Component/Plant

saccharin

C12283

HMDB0029723

3.34

0.0350

0.0890

Lipid

Primary Bile Acid Metabolism

taurocholate

C05122

HMDB0000036

4.51

0.0172

0.0571

Xenobiotics

Drug—Metabolic

pioglitazone

C07675

HMDB0015264

6.12

0.0049

0.0270

Xenobiotics

Drug—Metabolic

metformin

C07151

HMDB0001921

20.27

0.0000

0.0000