Fig. 1

Gut microbiota composition and prevalent diabetes (N = 493). A Differences in alpha and beta diversities of gut microbiota at the species level between women with and without diabetes. The Wilcoxon rank test was used for the comparison of alpha diversity (observe, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices). Bray–Curtis dissimilarity was used to calculate beta diversity, which was represented by the first two components of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). Difference in beta diversity across diabetes status was tested using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA with 9999 permutations). B ANCOM-II results of the 97 predominant gut bacteria genera. Genera marked as triangles were those associated with diabetes with FDR-q < 0.1 at threshold of 0.60 (i.e., the ratio of genera to at least 60% of the other taxa is detected to be significantly associated with diabetes). Color refers to phyla and sizes refer to W values in ANCOM-II. The prefixes of “g.” and “s.” refer to the taxa at genus and species levels, respectively. C Associations (odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs)) of identified gut bacteria genera and affiliated species with diabetes (top panel) and the percentages of species within selected genera (bottom panel). Species presented in ≥5% of samples with a relative abundance ≥0.01% were included. Estimates in B and C were adjusted for age at visit, study site, race/ethnicity, household annual income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, HIV serostatus, and antibiotics use within the 4 weeks of stool sample collections