Fig. 3

Associations between plasma metabolites and prevalent diabetes (N = 434). A An overview of analysis pipeline and study samples. B The distribution of cross-sectional associations between metabolites and diabetes in logistic regression. Metabolites in red and blue refer to those exhibiting positive and negative associations (FDR-q <0.1) with prevalent diabetes, respectively; among them, those colored in red were available in the prospective analysis of incident diabetes (N = 694, including 391 women from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study and 303 men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study). C Significant associations with diabetes for metabolites selected in the cross-sectional analyses and those validated in the incident diabetes analysis. Estimates (odds ratios (ORs)/hazard ratios (HR)) were adjusted for age at visit, study site, race/ethnicity, household annual income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption status, HIV serostatus, and fasting status. Pro-Gly: dipeptide prolyl-glycine, DMGV: dimethylguanidino valerate