Fig. 4

The relationship between diabetes-associated metabolites and immune/proinflammatory proteins and the identified gut bacteria associated with diabetes. Heatmap presents the partial correlation coefficients (PCorr) of gut bacteria genera with selected metabolites and proteins while adjusting for age at visit, study sites, race/ethnicity, household annual income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, HIV serostatus, fasting status, and antibiotics use. The top forest plot displays cross-sectional associations between identified metabolites/lipids modules (FDR-q < 0.1) and diabetes; the right forest plot displays cross-sectional associations of identified bacterial genera with prevalent diabetes. In these two panels, the color refers to the direction of association. CXCL11: C-X-C motif chemokine 11, CD6: T cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform, CSF-1: macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1, CXCL10: C-X-C motif chemokine 10, CXCL5: C-X-C motif chemokine 5, CXCL6: C-X-C motif chemokine 6, FGF-21: fibroblast growth factor 21, GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, HGF: hepatocyte growth factor, IL-17A: interleukin-17A, IL-17C: interleukin-17C, IL-18R1: interleukin-18 receptor 1, IL6: interleukin-6, LIF-R: leukemia inhibitory factor receptor, OPG: osteoprotegerin, OSM: oncostatin-M, TWEAK: tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 12, VEGFA: vascular endothelial growth factor A