Disentangling Public Participation In Science and Biomedicine

Table 1 Summary of seven dimensions of participation

Dimensions	Description	Representative scholarly literature	Contemporary cases that exemplify the participatory dimension
			Strong	Weak
1. Educative dividend	Learning something valuable, especially learning how to participate effectively	[54, 78, 94]	Zooniverse, 23andMe	Match.com, BOINC
2. Goals and tasks	Participants not only undertake tasks but help set goals	[15, 43, 44, 67, 69, 95]	Linux/Linux Foundation; PXE International	Pinterest; current TV; Patients Like Me
3. Resource control	Participants get to control (own or use) resources, not merely produce them	[65, 96–99]	Second life; Mukurtu; SNPpedia	Patients Like Me
4. Exit	Capacity to leave without penalty and with resources	[79]	Global Voices; SNPpedia	Facebook
5. Voice	Opportunities to 'speak back' in order to influence outcomes	[79, 80]	Wikipedia; Apache	OKCupid
6. Visible metrics	Empirical demonstrations of the connection between participation and outcomes	[56, 85, 90]	Foldit; 23andMe	Revision 3
7. Affective/communicative capacity	Participants have opportunities to communicate amongst themselves to produce affect, affiliation, and sociability	[91–93]	Instagram; PXE international; Patients Like Me	Bitcoin