Table 1 Summary of seven dimensions of participation
From: Disentangling Public Participation In Science and Biomedicine
| Dimensions | Description | Representative scholarly literature | Contemporary cases that exemplify the participatory dimension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong | Weak | |||
| 1. Educative dividend | Learning something valuable, especially learning how to participate effectively | [54, 78, 94] | Zooniverse, 23andMe | Match.com, BOINC |
| 2. Goals and tasks | Participants not only undertake tasks but help set goals | [15, 43, 44, 67, 69, 95] | Linux/Linux Foundation; PXE International | Pinterest; current TV; Patients Like Me |
| 3. Resource control | Participants get to control (own or use) resources, not merely produce them | [65, 96–99] | Second life; Mukurtu; SNPpedia | Patients Like Me |
| 4. Exit | Capacity to leave without penalty and with resources | [79] | Global Voices; SNPpedia | |
| 5. Voice | Opportunities to 'speak back' in order to influence outcomes | [79, 80] | Wikipedia; Apache | OKCupid |
| 6. Visible metrics | Empirical demonstrations of the connection between participation and outcomes | [56, 85, 90] | Foldit; 23andMe | Revision 3 |
| 7. Affective/communicative capacity | Participants have opportunities to communicate amongst themselves to produce affect, affiliation, and sociability | [91–93] | Instagram; PXE international; Patients Like Me | Bitcoin |